TemperatureIndex.cc

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// Copyright (C) 2011--2023 PISM Authors
//
// This file is part of PISM.
//
// PISM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
// Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
// version.
//
// PISM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
// WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
// FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more
// details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with PISM; if not, write to the Free Software
// Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 
#include <algorithm>            // std::min
 
#include "pism/coupler/surface/TemperatureIndex.hh"
#include "pism/coupler/surface/localMassBalance.hh"
#include "pism/util/Grid.hh"
#include "pism/util/Time.hh"
#include "pism/coupler/AtmosphereModel.hh"
#include "pism/util/io/File.hh"
 
#include "pism/util/error_handling.hh"
#include "pism/util/pism_utilities.hh"
#include "pism/util/array/CellType.hh"
#include "pism/geometry/Geometry.hh"
#include "pism/util/array/Forcing.hh"
 
namespace pism {
namespace surface {
 
///// PISM surface model implementing a PDD scheme.
 
TemperatureIndex::TemperatureIndex(std::shared_ptr<const Grid> g,
                                   std::shared_ptr<atmosphere::AtmosphereModel> input)
  : SurfaceModel(g, input),
    m_mass_flux(m_grid, "climatic_mass_balance"),
    m_firn_depth(m_grid, "firn_depth"),
    m_snow_depth(m_grid, "snow_depth") {
 
  m_base_ddf.snow              = m_config->get_number("surface.pdd.factor_snow");
  m_base_ddf.ice               = m_config->get_number("surface.pdd.factor_ice");
  m_base_ddf.refreeze_fraction = m_config->get_number("surface.pdd.refreeze");
  m_base_pddStdDev             = m_config->get_number("surface.pdd.std_dev.value");
  m_sd_use_param               = m_config->get_flag("surface.pdd.std_dev.use_param");
  m_sd_param_a                 = m_config->get_number("surface.pdd.std_dev.param_a");
  m_sd_param_b                 = m_config->get_number("surface.pdd.std_dev.param_b");
 
  bool use_fausto_params     = m_config->get_flag("surface.pdd.fausto.enabled");
 
  auto method = m_config->get_string("surface.pdd.method");
 
  if (method == "repeatable_random_process") {
    m_mbscheme.reset(new PDDrandMassBalance(m_config, m_sys, PDDrandMassBalance::REPEATABLE));
  } else if (method == "random_process") {
    m_mbscheme.reset(new PDDrandMassBalance(m_config, m_sys, PDDrandMassBalance::NOT_REPEATABLE));
  } else {
    m_mbscheme.reset(new PDDMassBalance(m_config, m_sys));
  }
 
  if (use_fausto_params) {
    m_faustogreve.reset(new FaustoGrevePDDObject(m_grid));
    m_base_pddStdDev = 2.53;
  }
 
  auto sd_file = m_config->get_string("surface.pdd.std_dev.file");
 
  if (not sd_file.empty()) {
    bool sd_periodic = m_config->get_flag("surface.pdd.std_dev.periodic");
    int max_buffer_size = (int) m_config->get_number("input.forcing.buffer_size");
 
    File file(m_grid->com, sd_file, io::PISM_NETCDF3, io::PISM_READONLY);
    m_air_temp_sd = std::make_shared<array::Forcing>(m_grid, file,
                                                "air_temp_sd", "",
                                                max_buffer_size,
                                                sd_periodic,
                                                LINEAR);
    m_sd_file_set = true;
  } else {
    m_air_temp_sd = array::Forcing::Constant(m_grid, "air_temp_sd", 0.0);
    m_sd_file_set = false;
  }
 
  m_air_temp_sd->metadata(0)
      .long_name("standard deviation of near-surface air temperature")
      .units("Kelvin");
 
  m_mass_flux.metadata(0)
      .long_name("instantaneous surface mass balance (accumulation/ablation) rate")
      .units("kg m-2 s-1")
      .standard_name("land_ice_surface_specific_mass_balance_flux");
 
  m_mass_flux.metadata()["comment"] = "positive values correspond to ice gain";
 
  m_snow_depth.metadata(0)
      .long_name("snow cover depth (set to zero once a year)")
      .units("m");
  m_snow_depth.set(0.0);
 
  m_firn_depth.metadata(0)
      .long_name("firn cover depth")
      .units("m");
  m_firn_depth.metadata()["valid_min"] = {0.0};
  m_firn_depth.set(0.0);
 
  m_temperature = allocate_temperature(g);
 
  m_accumulation = allocate_accumulation(g);
  m_melt         = allocate_melt(g);
  m_runoff       = allocate_runoff(g);
}
 
void TemperatureIndex::init_impl(const Geometry &geometry) {
 
  // call the default implementation (not the interface method init())
  SurfaceModel::init_impl(geometry);
 
  // report user's modeling choices
  {
    m_log->message(2,
                   "* Initializing the default temperature-index, PDD-based surface processes scheme.\n"
                   "  Precipitation and 2m air temperature provided by atmosphere are inputs.\n"
                   "  Surface mass balance and ice upper surface temperature are outputs.\n"
                   "  See PISM User's Manual for control of degree-day factors.\n");
 
    m_log->message(2,
                   "  Computing number of positive degree-days by: %s.\n",
                   m_mbscheme->method().c_str());
 
    if (m_faustogreve) {
      m_log->message(2,
                     "  Setting PDD parameters from [Faustoetal2009].\n");
    } else {
      m_log->message(2,
                     "  Using default PDD parameters.\n");
    }
  }
 
  // initialize the spatially-variable air temperature standard deviation
  {
    auto sd_file = m_config->get_string("surface.pdd.std_dev.file");
    if (sd_file.empty()) {
      m_log->message(2,
                     "  Using constant standard deviation of near-surface temperature.\n");
 
      auto attributes = m_air_temp_sd->metadata();
      // replace with a constant array::Forcing:
      m_air_temp_sd = array::Forcing::Constant(m_grid, "air_temp_sd", m_base_pddStdDev);
      // restore metadata:
      m_air_temp_sd->metadata() = attributes;
    } else {
      m_log->message(2,
                     "  Reading standard deviation of near-surface temperature from '%s'...\n",
                     sd_file.c_str());
 
      bool sd_periodic = m_config->get_flag("surface.pdd.std_dev.periodic");
      m_air_temp_sd->init(sd_file, sd_periodic);
    }
  }
 
  // initializing the model state
  auto input = process_input_options(m_grid->com, m_config);
 
  auto firn_file = m_config->get_string("surface.pdd.firn_depth_file");
 
  if (input.type == INIT_RESTART) {
    if (not firn_file.empty()) {
      throw RuntimeError::formatted(PISM_ERROR_LOCATION,
                                    "surface.pdd.firn_depth_file is not allowed when"
                                    " re-starting from a PISM output file.");
    }
 
    m_firn_depth.read(input.filename, input.record);
    m_snow_depth.read(input.filename, input.record);
  } else if (input.type == INIT_BOOTSTRAP) {
 
    m_snow_depth.regrid(input.filename, io::Default(0.0));
 
    if (firn_file.empty()) {
      m_firn_depth.regrid(input.filename, io::Default(0.0));
    } else {
      m_firn_depth.regrid(firn_file, io::Default::Nil());
    }
  } else {
 
    m_snow_depth.set(0.0);
 
    if (firn_file.empty()) {
      m_firn_depth.set(0.0);
    } else {
      m_firn_depth.regrid(firn_file, io::Default::Nil());
    }
  }
 
  {
    regrid("PDD surface model", m_snow_depth);
    regrid("PDD surface model", m_firn_depth);
  }
 
  // finish up
  {
    m_next_balance_year_start = compute_next_balance_year_start(time().current());
 
    m_accumulation->set(0.0);
    m_melt->set(0.0);
    m_runoff->set(0.0);
  }
}
 
MaxTimestep TemperatureIndex::max_timestep_impl(double my_t) const {
  return m_atmosphere->max_timestep(my_t);
}
 
double TemperatureIndex::compute_next_balance_year_start(double time) {
  // compute the time corresponding to the beginning of the next balance year
  double
    balance_year_start_day = m_config->get_number("surface.mass_balance_year_start_day"),
    one_day                = units::convert(m_sys, 1.0, "days", "seconds"),
    year_start             = this->time().calendar_year_start(time),
    balance_year_start     = year_start + (balance_year_start_day - 1.0) * one_day;
 
  if (balance_year_start > time) {
    return balance_year_start;
  }
  return this->time().increment_date(balance_year_start, 1);
}
 
void TemperatureIndex::update_impl(const Geometry &geometry, double t, double dt) {
 
  // make a copy of the pointer to convince clang static analyzer that its value does not
  // change during the call
  FaustoGrevePDDObject *fausto_greve = m_faustogreve.get();
 
  // update to ensure that temperature and precipitation time series are correct:
  m_atmosphere->update(geometry, t, dt);
 
  m_temperature->copy_from(m_atmosphere->air_temperature());
 
  // set up air temperature and precipitation time series
  auto N = static_cast<int>(m_mbscheme->get_timeseries_length(dt));
 
  const double dtseries = dt / N;
  std::vector<double> ts(N), T(N), S(N), P(N), PDDs(N);
  for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) {
    ts[k] = t + k * dtseries;
  }
 
  // update standard deviation time series
  if (m_sd_file_set) {
    m_air_temp_sd->update(t, dt);
    m_air_temp_sd->init_interpolation(ts);
  }
 
  const auto &mask = geometry.cell_type;
  const auto &H    = geometry.ice_thickness;
 
  array::AccessScope list{&mask, &H, m_air_temp_sd.get(), &m_mass_flux,
                               &m_firn_depth, &m_snow_depth,
                               m_accumulation.get(), m_melt.get(), m_runoff.get()};
 
  const double
    sigmalapserate = m_config->get_number("surface.pdd.std_dev.lapse_lat_rate"),
    sigmabaselat   = m_config->get_number("surface.pdd.std_dev.lapse_lat_base");
 
  const array::Scalar *latitude = nullptr;
  if ((fausto_greve != nullptr) or sigmalapserate != 0.0) {
    latitude = &geometry.latitude;
 
    list.add(*latitude);
  }
 
  if (fausto_greve != nullptr) {
    const array::Scalar
      *longitude        = &geometry.latitude,
      *surface_altitude = &geometry.ice_surface_elevation;
 
    fausto_greve->update_temp_mj(*surface_altitude, *latitude, *longitude);
  }
 
  LocalMassBalance::DegreeDayFactors ddf = m_base_ddf;
 
  m_atmosphere->init_timeseries(ts);
 
  m_atmosphere->begin_pointwise_access();
 
  const double ice_density = m_config->get_number("constants.ice.density");
 
  ParallelSection loop(m_grid->com);
  try {
    for (auto p = m_grid->points(); p; p.next()) {
      const int i = p.i(), j = p.j();
 
      // the temperature time series from the AtmosphereModel and its modifiers
      m_atmosphere->temp_time_series(i, j, T);
 
      if (mask.ice_free_ocean(i, j)) {
        // ignore precipitation over ice-free ocean
        for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) {
          P[k] = 0.0;
        }
      } else {
        // elsewhere, get precipitation from the atmosphere model
        m_atmosphere->precip_time_series(i, j, P);
      }
 
      // convert precipitation from "kg m-2 second-1" to "m second-1" (PDDMassBalance expects
      // accumulation in m/second ice equivalent)
      for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) {
        P[k] = P[k] / ice_density;
        // kg / (m^2 * second) / (kg / m^3) = m / second
      }
 
      // interpolate temperature standard deviation time series
      if (m_sd_file_set) {
        m_air_temp_sd->interp(i, j, S);
      } else {
        double tmp = (*m_air_temp_sd)(i, j);
        for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) {
          S[k] = tmp;
        }
      }
 
      if (fausto_greve != nullptr) {
        // we have been asked to set mass balance parameters according to
        //   formula (6) in [\ref Faustoetal2009]; they overwrite ddf set above
        ddf = fausto_greve->degree_day_factors(i, j, (*latitude)(i, j));
      }
 
      // apply standard deviation lapse rate on top of prescribed values
      if (sigmalapserate != 0.0) {
        double lat = (*latitude)(i, j);
        for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) {
          S[k] += sigmalapserate * (lat - sigmabaselat);
        }
        (*m_air_temp_sd)(i, j) = S[0]; // ensure correct SD reporting
      }
 
      // apply standard deviation param over ice if in use
      if (m_sd_use_param and mask.icy(i, j)) {
        for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) {
          S[k] = m_sd_param_a * (T[k] - 273.15) + m_sd_param_b;
          if (S[k] < 0.0) {
            S[k] = 0.0 ;
          }
        }
        (*m_air_temp_sd)(i, j) = S[0]; // ensure correct SD reporting
      }
 
      // Use temperature time series, the "positive" threshhold, and
      // the standard deviation of the daily variability to get the
      // number of positive degree days (PDDs)
      if (mask.ice_free_ocean(i, j)) {
        for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) {
          PDDs[k] = 0.0;
        }
      } else {
        m_mbscheme->get_PDDs(dtseries, S, T, // inputs
                             PDDs);          // output
      }
 
      // Use temperature time series to remove rainfall from precipitation
      m_mbscheme->get_snow_accumulation(T,  // air temperature (input)
                                        P); // precipitation rate (input-output)
 
      // Use degree-day factors, the number of PDDs, and the snow precipitation to get surface mass
      // balance (and diagnostics: accumulation, melt, runoff)
      {
        double next_snow_depth_reset = m_next_balance_year_start;
 
        // make copies of firn and snow depth values at this point to avoid accessing 2D
        // fields in the inner loop
        double
          ice  = H(i, j),
          firn = m_firn_depth(i, j),
          snow = m_snow_depth(i, j);
 
        // accumulation, melt, runoff over this time-step
        double
          A   = 0.0,
          M   = 0.0,
          R   = 0.0,
          SMB = 0.0;
 
        for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) {
          if (ts[k] >= next_snow_depth_reset) {
            snow = 0.0;
            while (next_snow_depth_reset <= ts[k]) {
              next_snow_depth_reset = time().increment_date(next_snow_depth_reset, 1);
            }
          }
 
          const double accumulation = P[k] * dtseries;
 
          LocalMassBalance::Changes changes;
          changes = m_mbscheme->step(ddf, PDDs[k],
                                     ice, firn, snow, accumulation);
 
          // update ice thickness
          ice += changes.smb;
          assert(ice >= 0);
 
          // update firn depth
          firn += changes.firn_depth;
          assert(firn >= 0);
 
          // update snow depth
          snow += changes.snow_depth;
          assert(snow >= 0);
 
          // update total accumulation, melt, and runoff
          {
            A   += accumulation;
            M   += changes.melt;
            R   += changes.runoff;
            SMB += changes.smb;
          }
        } // end of the time-stepping loop
 
        // set firn and snow depths
        m_firn_depth(i, j) = firn;
        m_snow_depth(i, j) = snow;
 
        // set total accumulation, melt, and runoff, and SMB at this point, converting
        // from "meters, ice equivalent" to "kg / m^2"
        {
          (*m_accumulation)(i, j)          = A * ice_density;
          (*m_melt)(i, j)                  = M * ice_density;
          (*m_runoff)(i, j)                = R * ice_density;
          // m_mass_flux (unlike m_accumulation, m_melt, and m_runoff), is a
          // rate. m * (kg / m^3) / second = kg / m^2 / second
          m_mass_flux(i, j) = SMB * ice_density / dt;
        }
      }
 
      if (mask.ice_free_ocean(i, j)) {
        m_firn_depth(i, j) = 0.0;  // no firn in the ocean
        m_snow_depth(i, j) = 0.0;  // snow over the ocean does not stick
      }
    }
  } catch (...) {
    loop.failed();
  }
  loop.check();
 
  m_atmosphere->end_pointwise_access();
 
  m_next_balance_year_start = compute_next_balance_year_start(time().current());
}
 
const array::Scalar &TemperatureIndex::mass_flux_impl() const {
  return m_mass_flux;
}
 
const array::Scalar &TemperatureIndex::temperature_impl() const {
  return *m_temperature;
}
 
const array::Scalar& TemperatureIndex::accumulation_impl() const {
  return *m_accumulation;
}
 
const array::Scalar& TemperatureIndex::melt_impl() const {
  return *m_melt;
}
 
const array::Scalar& TemperatureIndex::runoff_impl() const {
  return *m_runoff;
}
 
const array::Scalar& TemperatureIndex::firn_depth() const {
  return m_firn_depth;
}
 
const array::Scalar& TemperatureIndex::snow_depth() const {
  return m_snow_depth;
}
 
const array::Scalar& TemperatureIndex::air_temp_sd() const {
  return *m_air_temp_sd;
}
 
void TemperatureIndex::define_model_state_impl(const File &output) const {
  SurfaceModel::define_model_state_impl(output);
  m_firn_depth.define(output, io::PISM_DOUBLE);
  m_snow_depth.define(output, io::PISM_DOUBLE);
}
 
void TemperatureIndex::write_model_state_impl(const File &output) const {
  SurfaceModel::write_model_state_impl(output);
  m_firn_depth.write(output);
  m_snow_depth.write(output);
}
 
DiagnosticList TemperatureIndex::diagnostics_impl() const {
  DiagnosticList result = {
    {"air_temp_sd", Diagnostic::wrap(*m_air_temp_sd)},
    {"snow_depth",  Diagnostic::wrap(m_snow_depth)},
    {"firn_depth",  Diagnostic::wrap(m_firn_depth)},
  };
 
  result = pism::combine(result, SurfaceModel::diagnostics_impl());
 
  return result;
}
 
} // end of namespace surface
} // end of namespace pism